![]() Altered reciprocal inhibition free#If you are a visual learner, feel free to refer to outside credible sources, such as YouTube videos, to get further clarification on this topic.Altered expression of XPO1, the main nuclear export receptor in eukaryotic cells, has been observed in cancer, and XPO1 has been a focus of anticancer drug development. GTOs and muscle spindles work together through their reflexive actions to prevent injury. This is also the reasoning behind holding a stretch for seven to 10 seconds to allow the stretch to deepen. The muscle spindles and GTOs go through this cycle to help you stretch safely and effectively. The pre-stretch contraction reduces muscle spindle activity within its associated muscle (the muscle that is about to be stretched) so that the brain more willingly accepts an increase in range of motion during the impending stretch. A practical example of this method is to produce a low-grade (50% of maximum force) contraction within a muscle for six to 15 seconds immediately before having a partner passively stretch the muscle. PNF is a stretching practice that promotes the response of neuromuscular mechanisms through the stimulation of proprioceptors in an attempt to gain more stretch in a muscle. It’s also worth mentioning that autogenic inhibition can be induced by contracting a muscle right before it is passively stretched, which is a method called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). So, when you hold a low-force stretch for more than seven seconds, the increase in muscle tension activates the GTO, which temporarily inhibits muscle spindle activity (thus reducing tension in the muscle), and allows for further stretching. Static stretching is one example of how muscle tension signals a GTO response. GTOs are sensitive to changes in tension and rate of tension and, because they are located in the musculotendinous junctions, they are responsible for sending information to the brain as soon as they sense an overload. When the GTO is activated during stretching, it inhibits muscle spindle activity within the working muscle (agonist) so a deeper stretch can be achieved. When the GTO is activated during contraction, it causes inhibition of the contraction (autogenic inhibition), which is an automatic reflex. GTOs sense muscular tension within muscles when they contract or are stretched. These are important concepts in understanding body awareness (also known as proprioception and kinesthetic awareness). Ultimately, the muscle spindle functions to alert the brain that nearby joints and soft tissues are in danger of being stretched too far. The relaxation of the antagonist that occurs simultaneously when a muscle spindle’s contraction of its associated muscle occurs is called reciprocal inhibition. When a muscle spindle’s associated muscle is rapidly stretched, the spindle can cause two things to happen: (1) it may signal its muscle to contract to prevent it from going too far, too quickly in the stretch and (2) it can inhibit the opposing muscle (the antagonist to the muscle being stretched) to prevent it from contracting so that it can’t contribute to any further stretching. This process is called the stretch reflex. This signals the muscle to contract (after which, the spiral regains its shape), in turn protecting the muscle from being overstretched. Imagine a muscle spindle as if it were a thread spiraled (or wrapped around) muscle fibers near the muscle belly as the muscle lengthens or stretches, it pulls on the spindle causing it to lose its spiral shape and also stretch. The function of the GTO can be considered opposite of the muscle spindle, which serves to produce muscle contraction. When a muscle is inhibited by a GTO, the process is called autogenic inhibition. ![]() When a GTO is stimulated, it causes its associated muscle to relax by interrupting its contraction. Two important proprioceptors that play a role in flexibility, the GTO and muscle spindle work together reflexively to regulate muscle stiffness. Two of these components-Golgi tendon organ (GTO) and muscle spindle-belong to the nervous system and function to influence movement. To keep muscles safe and healthy, we need to have a good understanding of the body’s most basic underlying structural components and how they work together, as this knowledge provides the foundation for effective exercise instruction. ![]()
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